March 2023
My quest to find effective climate action
“Policy is the most effective tool we have to fight climate change.”
“Under the European climate law, EU countries must cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Their goal is to make the EU climate neutral by 2050.”
What does all of this mean for Austria?
Emissions per capita, GDP and Population in Austria
Emissions per capita by sector
Emissions per capita by sector
Standard policy evaluation
Reverse-causal policy evaluation
An application of Koch et al. (2022)
Structural break identification
Policy databases
Structural break identification
General model
Specific model
Table 1. Negative structural breaks in Austrian emissions
Emissions per capita by sector
Emissions per capita for sectors with structural breaks and counterfactuals
Table 2. Policy attribution to identified structural breaks
Headline
There appear to be very few highly effective climate policies identified using the reverse-causal approach for Austria from 1995 to 2021.
Caveats
EU15:
Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Greece, Portugal, Sweden
EU31:
Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Greece, Portugal, Sweden, Croatia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Switzerland, Iceland, Norway
Emissions per capita by sector (Level 1)
Emissions per capita by sector (Level 2)
Table 3. Negative structural breaks in Austrian emissions (Level 1)
| IPCC emissions category | Sample | P-value | Year | Coefficient | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waste | EU15 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.430338 | *** |
| Waste | EU15 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.549998 | *** |
| Waste | EU15 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.646822 | *** |
| Waste | EU31 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.390561 | *** |
| Waste | EU31 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.494903 | *** |
| Waste | EU31 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.536252 | *** |
Table 4. Negative structural breaks in Austrian emissions (Level 2)
| IPCC emissions category | Sample | P-value | Year | Coefficient | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.430338 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.549998 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.646822 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.390561 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.494903 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.536252 | *** |
Table 5. Negative structural breaks in Austrian emissions
| IPCC emissions category | Sample | P-value | Year | Coefficient | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.430338 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.549998 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU15 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.646822 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.050 | 2009 | -1.390561 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.010 | 2009 | -1.494903 | *** |
| Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | EU31 | 0.001 | 2009 | -1.536252 | *** |
| Lime production | EU15 | 0.050 | 2006 | -0.627740 | *** |
| Lime production | EU15 | 0.010 | 2006 | -0.821937 | *** |
| Lime production | EU15 | 0.001 | 2006 | -0.815060 | *** |
| Petroleum Refining - Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries | EU15 | 0.050 | 2015 | -0.194130 | *** |
| Water-borne Navigation | EU15 | 0.050 | 2007 | -0.214128 | *** |
| Water-borne Navigation | EU15 | 0.010 | 2007 | -0.220208 | *** |
| Water-borne Navigation | EU31 | 0.050 | 2006 | -0.259891 | *** |
| Water-borne Navigation | EU31 | 0.010 | 2006 | -0.249270 | *** |